| АА1000 Stakeholders Engagement
Standard АА1000 SES |
a generally
applicable and accessible normative
base for planning, execution,
evaluation, informing and conducting
of nonfinancial audit of quality of
engagement with stakeholders in the
course of reporting and accountability
of organizations in the field of effective
management. |
| Becquerel (Bq) |
a unit of activity of a
nuclide in the radioactive source equal
to one transformation per second. |
| Closed nuclear fuel cycle |
a nuclear
fuel cycle where spent nuclear fuel
is recycled to extract uranium and
plutonium for reuse in new nuclear fuel. |
| Covenants |
limits provided by financial
documentation (syndicated credit
agreements, transactions of EUR bonds,
etc.) for one or several companies.
Covenants can prohibit some
transactions and other legal actions as
well as oblige to perform some actions
(e.g. providing information) on a regular
basis. |
| Depleted uranium |
uranium where
uranium isotope U-235 content is lower
than in natural uranium (e.g., uranium
in spent fuel of nuclear reactors fueled
with natural uranium). |
| Discharge of radioactive
substances |
controlled ingress of
radionuclides into reservoirs containing
liquid waste of a nuclear installation
(e.g., a nuclear power plant). |
| Division |
an economic entity having
a regulation on interaction with
ROSATOM defining it as a Division that
manages companies incorporated into
the Division’s activity. |
| Dose burden |
the sum of individual
exposure doses received or anticipated
during operation, maintenance,
repair, replacement or dismantling of
equipment at a nuclear installation, e.g.
a nuclear power plant. |
| Enrichment (with regard to an
isotope) |
а) the content of atoms in
a specific isotope mixed with isotopes
of the same element if it exceeds the
proportion of the same isotope in
naturally-occurring mixtures (expressed
in percent); b) a process whereby the
content of a specific isotope increases in
an isotope mix. |
| Fast neutrons |
neutrons whose kinetic
energy exceeds a specified value. This
value can vary over a wide range and
depends on its actual use (reactor
physics, shielding or dose monitoring).
This value is often set at 0.1 MeV in
reactor physics. |
| First criticality |
the stage of
commissioning a nuclear power plant
that includes loading of nuclear fuel
into the reactor, achieving criticality,
and conduct of required physical
experiments at a power level where heat
is removed due to natural heat loss. |
| First power |
the commissioning stage
of a nuclear power plant where the plant
starts generating power and the plant’s
performance at different power levels up
to commercial power levels is checked. |
| Fuel assembly |
a set of fuel rods
(rods, bars, plates, etc.) held together
by spacer grids and other structural
components and undetached during
transportation and irradiation in a
nuclear reactor. Fuel assemblies are
loaded into the core of a nuclear reactor. |
| Fuel pellet |
a pellet of compacted
uranium dioxide, which is the base for
nuclear fuel; it is placed in fuel rods. |
| Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) |
an
internationally adopted reporting
system with regard to economic,
ecological and social performance,
which is based on the Sustainability
Reporting Guidelines, Protocols and
Sector Supplements. |
| HEU Agreement |
the agreement
concluded between the Government
of the Russian Federation and the
Government of the United States of
America concerning utilization of
enriched uranium extracted from nuclear
weapons. Under this agreement, Russia
undertakes to deliver over 20 years
(until the end of 2013) to the USA low
enriched uranium (LEU) produced from
500 tons of highly enriched uranium
(HEU), extracted from nuclear weapons
and designated by the Russian side as no
longer required for defense purposes. |
| IAEA Safeguards |
a system of
verification applicable to peaceful
uses of atomic energy, which is
established within the framework of
the global nonproliferation policy; the
International Atomic Energy Agency is
entitled to implement this system. |
| International Standard on Assurance
Engagements ISAE 3000 |
the
international standard for auditing
nonfinancial reports. |
| MOX fuel (Mixed-Oxide fuel) |
nuclear
fuel that contains more than one oxide
of fissile material. The term is mainly
applied to plutonium blended with
natural uranium, enriched or depleted
uranium, which reacts similarly
(although not identically) to LEU oxide
and is used as fuel for the majority of
nuclear reactors. One of the advantages
of MOX fuel is that it is a way of utilizing
surplus weapons-grade plutonium,
which would otherwise be stored as
nuclear waste. |
| Natural background |
ionizing
radiation consisting of cosmic radiation
and ionizing radiation of naturally
distributed naturally-occurring
radionuclides (on the surface of the
Earth, in the air, food products, water,
human bodies, etc.). |
| NPP Safety |
NPP's ability to ensure
radiation safety of the personnel,
general public and environment within
established limits during normal
operation and in case of accident.
|
| Nuclear fuel |
a material containing
fissionable nuclides which, if placed in a
nuclear reactor, allows for nuclear chain
reaction. |
| Nuclear fuel cycle |
a sequence
of production processes aimed at
maintaining nuclear reactor operation;
it starts with extraction of uranium and
ends with disposal of radioactive waste. |
| Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
(NPT) |
an international treaty on
limitation of the arms race and aimed
at preventing emergence of new
nuclear-weapon states. The agreement
stipulates that states possessing nuclear
weapons shall not transfer nuclear
weapons or control thereof to other
parties, while non-nuclear weapons
states shall refrain from production or
acquisition of nuclear weapons or other
nuclear explosive devices. |
| Nuclear power |
the sector of power
engineering where atomic energy is
used for electrification and district
heating. |
|
Nuclear safety
|
a general term
describing the capability of a nuclear
installation to limit radiation effects
on personnel, the general public and
environment to acceptable limits during
normal operation and accidents. |
| Operating organization |
an
organization authorized by a regulatory
authority to operate a nuclear power
plant or other nuclear installation. |
| Phase-Gate approach |
a planning and
investment principle when investment
projects are divided into phases
separated by gates. At each gate, the
continuation of the project is decided
after a comprehensive analysis (Gate
Review) of the results available at the
time, including further plans and risk
analysis. |
| Pilot operation |
the commissioning
stage of a nuclear power plant that
begins with the start of the first
power program and ends with plant
commissioning for commercial
operation. |
| Radiation monitoring |
obtaining
information on the radiation situation
in an organization, environment, and
on exposure of people (includes health
physics and radiometry surveillance). |
| Radiation safety |
a set of measures
aimed at limiting exposure of personnel
and the general public to the lowest
radiation dose values, which is achieved
by publicly acceptable means, and
at preventing early consequences of
exposure and limiting delayed radiation
effects to an acceptable level. |
| Radioactive waste |
nuclear materials
and radioactive substances whose
future use is not anticipated. |
| Recycling of spent nuclear fuel |
a set of
chemical processes intended to remove
fission products from spent nuclear
fuel and recover fissionable material for
reuse. |
| Release of radioactive
substances |
ingress of radionuclides
into the atmosphere due to a nuclear
installation operation (e.g., nuclear
power plant). |
| Research reactor |
a nuclear reactor
intended as an object of research to
acquire data on reactor physics and
technologies required for design and
development of similar reactors or their
components. |
| Source of raw materials |
integrated
reservoir volume of prospected and
predicted resources with a high level of
reliability. |
| Treatment of radioactive
waste |
process operations aimed at
changing the state of aggregation and
(or) physical and chemical properties
of radioactive waste, and carried out
to convert it into forms acceptable
for transportation, storage and (or)
disposal. |
| Uranium conversion |
a chemical
process for transformation of uraniumcontaining
materials into uranium
hexafluoride. |
| Uranium hexafluoride |
a chemical
compound of uranium and fluorine
(UF6). It is the only volatile uranium
compound (when uranium hexafluoride
is heated to 53°С, it changes directly
from a solid to a gaseous state). UF6 is
used as input feed for the separation of
isotopes uranium-238 and uranium-235
by means of gas diffusion or gas
centrifuge technology to produce
enriched uranium. |
| Uranium ore enrichment |
a set of
processes for primary processing of
uranium-containing feed to separate
uranium from other minerals that are
part of the ore. This does not lead to
changes in the composition of minerals
but mechanically separates them to
produce ore concentrate. |
| VVER |
a water-water power reactor
where water is used as the coolant and
the moderator. This reactor type is most
widely used in Russia in two versions:
VVER-440 and VVER-1000. |
